Examination Is An Activity To Obtain Information,...

Examination is an activity to obtain information, clarification and identity from the defendant, the witness, the expert on evidence and other criminal elements that occurred, so the position or role of the individual or evidence in the related case will become clear and stated in Minutes of Investigation (BAP). 4.5 Examiner is the officer who has the authority to conduct examination, either as investigator or supporting investigator in the company. 4.6 Interrogation is one of examination techniques to investigate the defendant /suspect and witness in a criminal act or abuse/harassment by asking questions either verbally or in writing to the defendant/suspect and the witness to obtain information, other clues and the truth about the†¦show more content†¦4.13 Terms of Examination 4.13.1. The Base of Complaint Reports from employee to P2KP team. 4.13.2. Examiner a) Has the authority to call, check and create Minute of Investigation. b) Has sufficient knowledge and proficiency in carrying out technical investigations c) Posses the following personalities: (1) Confident (2) Able to deal with other people/adaptive (easily adjust with the situation) (3) Tenacious. (4) Polite, patient and able to control his/her emotion (5) Has the ability to assess accurately and to act quickly and objectively. (6) Diligent, persistent and able to develop initiative d) Able to prepare examination plan and to draft questions according to material of the case that is being handled. e) The investigator shall prepare the examination room and all necessary equipment for the examination. f) If on the same day the investigator/supporting investigator examine more than one person, they shall be able to organize the time schedule so the examinee would not be waiting. To anticipate if the first summoning does not come in accordance with the schedule set in the summoning letter, the investigator/supporting investigators should prepare additional investigator/supporting investigators to assist with the second summoning. 4.13.3. The Examinee a) The suspect, witness/expert, shall be physically and mentally healthy. b) The suspect, witness/expert, shall not fearShow MoreRelatedhkjhjh1374 Words   |  6 Pageswith an examination of the patient s medical history and medical record, followed by a medical interview[7] and a physical examination. Basic diagnostic medical devices (e.g. stethoscope, tongue depressor) are typically used. After examination for signs and interviewing for symptoms, the doctor may order medical tests (e.g. blood tests), take a biopsy, or prescribe pharmaceutical drugs or other therapies. Differential diagnosis methods help to rule out conditions based on the information providedRead MoreDesign, Instrumentation And Analytical Tools Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesreliability and validity as well as descriptive and inferential statistical tools (Sekaran, 2003; Sarantakos, 2005). 3.2 Research Design The research design is primarily concerned with the structure and framework of plans within which empirical activities concerned with research are to be undertaken. It encapsulates concepts such as population and sample of the study, methodology and characteristic of the study as well as instrument for generation of data and defines the layout for the entire fieldRead MoreManage Meeting2686 Words   |  11 Pagesfrom occurring, or contingent actions to reduce the risk of occurring. 5. List the contingent actions to reduce the impact, should the risk occur. 6. Schedule these actions within an acceptable timeframe. 7. Record all the information gathered on the forms and templates provided. Adjustment for distance-based learners: ↠ No variation of the task is required. ↠ A follow up interview may be required (at the discretion of the assessor). ↠ DocumentationRead MoreAristotle s Philosophy Of Morality And The Final Goal Of Human Life Essay1895 Words   |  8 Pagesis a good display of his methodological thought process, which is widely considered to be the root of all modern science examination. Society has not changed much in the thousands of years since Aristotle first addressed ethics in Athens, Greece. Everyday situations and problems he discusses all relate to everyone in the present day. The rules of demeanor and clarifications on virtue that he suggests can all help people today attain a complete and satisfying realization of their duties as an equalRead MoreAuditing Standard No. 183221 Words   |  13 Pagesto evaluating and responding to the risks of material misstatements associated with related parties (Cohn, SEC, 2014). Investors will benefit from these new adaptations to the auditing standards because the auditors will perform a more thorough examination of related parties resulting in a better understanding of these relations (Cohn, PCAOB, 2014). The old standards in these areas were seen to be insufficient by the Board. If action was not taken, the transactions with these close relationshipsRead MoreEffects of Instructional Materials on Geography Perfoma nce2121 Words   |  9 Pageswatered down pupil’s motivation as far as learning is concerned. All these bring to poor performance of the pupils especially in Westland zone in Nairobi County. Statement of the Problem Many students are performing poorly year after year in their examinations in Westland zone and this situation is growing worse. This in turn opens their door to poor life thereafter. This poor performance may be brought by non-innovative teachers who may not want to use the instructional materials in the right way. UnqualifiedRead MoreDemonstration and Laboratory Method of Teaching in Nursing4265 Words   |  18 Pagesknowledge. The demonstration method has universal appeal, because it is understandable to all and also adaptable to both individual and group teaching. MEANING Demonstration as a teaching strategy refers to the visual presentation of the action and activities or practical work related to the facts and principles of a delivered lesson by the teacher in the classroom, aiming to facilitate the task of teaching and learning. A teacher while using this strategy, demonstrates in a practical form, the objectsRead Moreexport import documentation6827 Words   |  28 Pagesremain the same. To all the company members the highest standard service is as important now as they were when the business was incorporated. Quality Policy / Procedures Flying King Business Group aims to achieve and sustain excellence in all their activities. They are committed to total customer satisfaction by providing products and services, which meet or exceed the customer’s expectation. Modernization, stress on Technological innovation and training of employees at all levels shall be continuousRead MoreSurvey Methods Used in Research3405 Words   |  14 Pagesseeks to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention for co morbid major depressive disorder and obesity. The research is evaluative and summative by nature and is positioned in a quantitative paradigm relying heavily on yielding statistical information to confirm a stated hypothesis. An orientation to the study itself and the specific methods and techniques it employs is outlined in what follows and consideration is given to the characteristics and features of survey methods in general. TreatmentRead MoreOrganization Study 2015 Guidelines For Mhrm IIi Semester Essay2142 Words   |  9 Pages2015†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¢ The certificate from the company shall have the institute’s name as Rajagiri College of Social Sciences and not RCBS or any other name Objectives †¢ To provide the students an opportunity to be in the organizational ambience and to obtain information and insights about the systems, processes, procedures and practices in real time †¢ To gain hands-on experience of encountering the intricacies of an actual business or organizational issue/problem and attempting a plausible solution †¢ To provide

Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House - 1381 Words

Grace Kuenzli English A: Literature Written Assignment, HL 9 May 2017 The Role of Symbolism in Nora’s Transformation from Repression to Liberation in A Doll’s House The play in prose A Doll’s House is written by Henrik Ibsen, and set in Norway in 1879. By inserting symbols into the storyline, Henrik Ibsen reveals the theme of female submissiveness and male superiority during the 19th century and highlights character revelation in the play, namely through Nora’s transformation from being repressed to being liberated. Ibsen includes a variety of symbols throughout this work, specifically the title itself, the macaroons, Nora’s clothing, the Tarantella Dance, and the frequent use of diminutive and childish â€Å"pet names† by Nora’s†¦show more content†¦Torvald leaves to go to his study and Nora takes this opportunity to sneak a couple of macaroons into her mouth. However, as Torvald returns, Nora’s instinctive reaction to this is to â€Å"[stuff] the bag of macaroons in her pocket and [wi pe] her mouth† in order to evade a form of punishment (Ibsen 2). The purpose of Nora’s childish response and compliance with Torvald’s commands is to highlight her fear of his authority over her. The sneaking of macaroons expresses Nora’s immature tendencies and also shows â€Å"the side of her that she hides from her husband, or her concealed self† (Laweag). This prohibition of macaroons overall is used to illuminate the inferiority of Nora within the Helmer household, which in turn, provides insight on the widespread submissiveness of women during the 19th century. Torvald calls Nora by belittling and childish â€Å"pet names,† from the beginning scenes of the play in Act I, through to the end of the play. The way in which Torvald addresses Nora as â€Å"my skylark,† â€Å"my little squirrel,† and â€Å"my little singing bird illustrates the demeaning behavior of men toward women in those days (2-4). As these names are typica lly used to address small children in a rather playful way, they are indicative of Torvald’s position of authority in his relationship to Nora. These animal-based nicknames therefore convey to the audience that Nora is feeling significantly dehumanized by Torvald’sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1823 Words   |  8 PagesA Doll House is a play that was written by Henrik Ibsen in 1879. Nora Helmer is a wife and mother who secretly loaned money to save her husband’s, Torvald, life. Torvald views and treats Nora has a doll and she goes along with it. As conflict comes and goes Nora decides that her current life is not what she wants for herself. She no longer wants to be anyone’s â€Å"doll† and decides to leave her family in search of independence. This play was controversial during the time it was written becauseRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 1152 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â₠¬Å"A Doll House† addresses the importance of the roles women play throughout this time period. Women are thought to be like â€Å"dolls† to their husbands, by obeying their commands and keeping a good image. We see the main character, Nora Helmer struggle to keep her perfect image of a great wife as troubles start to arise. Throughout the play we begin to see Nora push through her troubles and find her true identity, Nora shifts from being the loving, perfect wife, to being a strongRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House884 Words   |  4 Pagestransform minor lies such as white lies into something more dangerous. When one works to conceal a lie, a cloud of deception hangs over those involved and can lead to the destruction of friendships, relationships, and even marriages. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House, he uses the motif of lies and deception to illustrate the fragileness of the Helmer’s marriage, which ultimately leads to its demise. Nora Helmer, a naà ¯ve woman who has never been given the chance to mature into an independent womanRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House995 Words   |  4 Pagesimagining and guiding the integration of all these elements belongs to the director. One of the toughest tasks of a director is to reinvigorate a socially important and renowned production while maintaining its original message and composition. Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll House is a socially important realistic play that portrays the gender dynamics that plagued the nineteenth century and questions the expectations held for women in a household and society. The play is still incredibly influential because the issuesRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll House 851 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsens’s, A Doll House, details the lives of the Helmers, a seemingly perfect couple. As the story progresses from act to act, it becomes quite obvious that their relationship is everything but perfect. Complic ations arise quickly when a forged loan by Nora Helmer is brought to her husband Torvald’s attention. The prejudices women experience, particularly, Nora is a definite tone in this play. Henrick Ibsen does a great job at showing both sides of the oppression of women, particularly withinRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House923 Words   |  4 Pages A Symbol of the Times Henrik Ibsen masterfully uses symbolism to add depth and meaning to his play A Doll’s House. The story is about a housewife named Nora who gets into trouble when she forges her father’s name to borrow money for her husband’s sake. Many objects take on new meaning in this story, from the Christmas tree in the opening scene to the slammed door at the end. Ibsen uses Nora as symbol representing how many women in that time period were treated like objects. The literal meaning ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 909 Words   |  4 Pages The three-act play A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, is centered around the protagonist, Nora Helmer whose never been by herself. She lived with her father until he became ill and was left to die on his deathbed, to living with her obliviously controlling husband, Torvald Helmer, who treats her like a possession more than a person. In the beginning of the play, Nora’s sneaky attitude is caused by her hu sband treating her like a â€Å"doll† (hence the name, A Doll’s House). He’s about to get a new jobRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 989 Words   |  4 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† is a tragic story depicting women as less equal to men. The story uses symbolism throughout the play, playing off the title. In Ibsen’s story he shows the tale of Nora Helmar, a ditz woman with a spending habit who devotes herself to her husband Torvald. Torvald is an overbearing man who treats his wife Nora as lesser than himself, as if she was a child. Controlling her, the play looks into Torvald’s mind and shows he believes Nora is actually less than a child butRead MoreAn Analysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 970 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House Ashleen Kaushal TOPIC: The theme of heredity in the play I. Introduction Henrik Ibsen’s three-act play, A Doll’s House, follows a seemingly typical housewife as she becomes painfully aware of the flaws in her marriage with a condescending, chauvinistic man. Ibsen uses the ideology of a Victorian society as a backdrop to inject the theme of heredity in the play. He employs several characters to demonstrate the different facets of heredity in order to highlight how this conceptRead MoreAnalysis Of Henrik Ibsen s A Doll s House 1325 Words   |  6 PagesFamilies Destroyed by Secrecies In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll s House† (March 20, 1828 - May 23, 1906) and â€Å"Oedipus the King†, by Sophocles (which is an Athenian tragedy performed 495 B.C.E. - 405 B.C.E.) both have men who were destroyed by a secret which lead them to their horrible outcomes on life because of the conflicts in their relationships with their families although, both pieces of Literature were written many years apart from each other and in different areas of time. Two characters who

Locke And Equality Essay Research Paper First free essay sample

Locke And Equality Essay, Research Paper First of wholly, the footing for understanding Locke is that he sees wholly people as holding natural God given rights. As God # 8217 ; s creative activities, this denotes a certain equality. So, what # 8217 ; s equality harmonizing to Locke? Locke # 8217 ; s definition of equality is: # 8220 ; A province of equality, wherein all the power and legal power is mutual, no one holding more than another ; there being nil more apparent, than that animals of the same species and rank, indiscriminately born to all the same advantages of nature, and the usage of the same modules, should be equal one amongst another without subordination or subjection.. . . # 8220 ; ( encyclopaedia of doctrine ) Harmonizing to Locke, human existences are driven by both their emotions and ground ; they are both self-interested and of course societal or other interested. Locke likewise begins with equality from which he draws a wholly different decision that we respect and love others in the same manner we love ourselves ( chp2: P. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke And Equality Essay Research Paper First or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 262 ) So, to esteem and love others as ourselves there should be equality # 8230 ; So, harmonizing to Locke # 8217 ; s definition of equality, giving up one # 8217 ; s natural rights means equality is no longer genuinely existing. Though we are all still # 8216 ; born to the same advantages of nature # 8217 ; , and we still # 8216 ; portion the same modules # 8217 ; , we consent to subordinate our personal freedoms and autonomies to a common jurisprudence. By accepting to this authorization, we give off the power over our ain. In add-on, true equality means that no adult male is superior to another. Harmonizing to Locke the Earth is the common belongings of all busyness an being and person in someplace will hold conflicting involvements with another human being because of something and this will do to come in in a province of war. The lone protection from the province of war in John Locke’s sentiment is to come in into civil society and if there is equality between people there won’t be any job. So, we need equality again†¦ In Locke # 8217 ; s position, in the province of nature it is impossible to keep an absolute peace. Harmonizing to him the being of struggles between people is possible. So in footings of equality between people, everyone has right to penalize another ( chp:2 P.264 ) . In the province of nature there are no independent Judgess, everyone is a justice because of equality. But in footings of self-preservation, it is necessary that people should continue the Property, which includes their lives, autonomies and estates. By this manner, a authorities is needed for the saving of the belongings and peace. Locke states that # 8220 ; # 8230 ; holding together reciprocally to come in into one community, and do one organic structure politic # 8221 ; ( chp:2 P.268 ) So, Locke finds it a necessity to organize civil society ruled by a common authorization.For a such authorities to continue its legitimacy, the transmutation into civil society must include some grade of equality. So, we need equa lity once more # 8230 ; If there are inequalities in the civil society, than there may be the danger of larceny, or hurt to belongings. Locke non merely believed in one person # 8217 ; s right to belongings, but every person # 8217 ; s right to belongings. So, we need equality once more # 8230 ; To sum up, harmonizing to John Locke equality is necessary for society.

Policies that support SME business start

Legislative initiatives for SMEs have altered dramatically over the decades. In the 1960s, when these policies were initially passed, most SMEs were defined as disadvantaged groups. However, this perception changed tremendously in the late 1990s when the government recognized that small and medium enterprises were a crucial driver of the economy (EIU 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Policies that support SME business start-ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Uchikawa (2009) adds that the changes in basic law in 1999 were designed to promote vigorous growth. Currently, the law focuses on competition and innovation, which is partly because of a 2005 law that focused on promoting innovation in start-ups. In order to determine some of the support structures or policies that enable SME start-ups, it is essential to look at certain macroeconomic factors. UNESCAP (2011) found that Japan is ranked 27 with regard to economic freedom, which is a relatively good position. In this index, a number of components are quite relevant to SME development in the country. They include the influence of government in business, legal enforcement of contracts, regulation of barriers to trade as well price controls. The index also contains elements about payment of bribes, existence of license restrictions as well as requirements for recruiting and dismissing employees. The economic freedom index is indicative of the policies that support productivity in a country. Therefore, since Japan is doing relatively well, then one might assert that many SMEs find the economic environment conducive for doing business. EIU (2010) also talks about other measures designed to assist SMEs to weather difficult environmental conditions. For instance, to deal with the economic recession, the government introduced tax reductions for SMEs that have a capital of 100 million Yen by 4%. However, this policy was short-term oriented as it expired in 2011. In additional to provision of financial assistance, several policies are designed to assist SMEs in locating markets for their products. Uchikawa (2009) reiterates these sentiments by highlighting the role of local governments in achieving this goal. A case in point is the Tokyo Metropolitan government, which brought together a number of SMEs with engineering orientation.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These companies were then linked to aerospace companies in Japan and the international market. JSBRI (2012) also adds that several provisions exist for non-financial policies. It highlights policies such as those that govern subcontracting transactions. The government passed a Subcontractor Payment Act that was designed to protect SMEs against unfair subcontracting transactions. The government has also partnered with SMEs to assist them in locating su bcontractors who want new partners. This is a large incentive for those interested in pursuing the subcontracting business model. JSBRI (2012) also notes that the government is currently assisting many small and medium enterprises that source their markets from the public sector. The government has established a contract policy targeting local governments and other representatives of the public sector that can do business with SMEs. Additionally, businesses can access consultation services on management in order to ensure that they can handle external environmental factors. These services are available through advice centres found in the Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Japan has an Act known as the Industrial Revitalization Special Measures Act. It helps revitalise SMEs prior to their collapse. What these policies indicate is that a lot of support structures exist for SMEs during operations, when carrying out transaction or even when in need of revitalisation. These initiati ves send the message to entrepreneurs that that they have a government that supports them, so it encourages many to pursue SME ventures. Government policy support for SME start-ups has been dynamic and ever-present. EIU (2010) notes that even though the Japanese government’s support structures are quite impressive, most potential SME owners do not know about the existence of those programmes. A need exists for awareness-raising among the public. Another problem identified by one of the research participants in the Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU) research is inequality in access to business resources. This stems from the vertical hierarchal structures prevalent in Japan’s business communities (EIU 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Policies that support SME business start-ups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main industries in which SME start ups occur Most literature on starting SMEs also ide ntify the common sectors in which one is likely to initiative their ventures. EIU (2010) found that most Japanese SME start-ups occur in retail with about 20% of these companies belonging to the sector. Additionally, it was found that the second largest number of SMEs is in the service industry, including the hotel or restaurant industries. While Japan is famed for its manufacturing endeavours, start-ups in thus sector represent 11% of all SME initiatives. Therefore, manufacturing SME start-ups are position five in the list. Construction related firms represent 12% of all new SMEs while real estate, wholesale, health, education, transportation, ICT and finance represent the least amount of SME start ups in that order. It should be noted that some SMEs may belong to sectors that represent less than 1% of the total start-ups in this category. However, the government still has instated plenty of initiatives to support those institutions. These groups include agriculture, forestry, fish eries, the transport industry (including railways and sea transport), and environmental sanitation businesses. Such SMEs enjoy IT deployment, financial and infrastructural support from the government. METI (2010) explains that low representation from the manufacturing sector stems from the export orientation of most Japanese producers. The global economic recession has taken a toll on their survival in the industry. Additionally many of them cannot turn to the local economy because it is not that promising. While information about major industries is available, it is imperative to identify new areas for SME growth, especially in declining industries. Few studies have been done in this aspect, so researchers ought to fill that research gap. Additionally, more research should be done on the numerous SME government policies in Japan. It is essential to determine whether they respond to industry demand and changes that have occurred over the past few years. SME start-ups may also be cla ssified on the basis of the clusters to which they belong. These organisations often concentrate on certain regions or industries in order to meet their need. They may organise themselves around company towns, production regions, mixed urban or invitation clusters. For instance, Toyota City has witnessed the development of several SMEs designed to meet the needs of the firm. Usually, these organisations will work hand in hand with Large Enterprises that are their main clients (Uchikawa 2009). However, EIU (2010) notes that this approach is not working well for new SMEs.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, a new approach ought to be sought. Mixed invitation clusters include those sectors where industries come together in order to take advantage of certain aspects of production like cheap labour. These clusters may not have much in common. Uchikawa (2009) affirms that imports from China are making cheap goods from Japan uncompetitive. Therefore, new ways of clustering must be sought. The research on SME clusters is clear; however since emerging trends have declared older models uncompetitive, it is vital for researchers to study new patterns of industry clusters. More literature is needed in examining the way forward for SME collaborations. Financial backing and support for SME start ups in Japan BOJ (2004) explains that SMEs heavily rely on loans for capital needs. However, these organisations have been experiencing difficulties in fund raising owing to a number of challenges. Estimates indicate that SMEs have higher debt than large corporations, so banks tend to trust t he latter than the former. When compared to large enterprises, financial institutions’ attitude towards lending to SMEs has always been much worse for them than for bigger companies. BOJ (2004) explains that part of the problem stems from the SMEs themselves. Many of them are not transparent with financial institutions. This creates information asymmetry in the sector. Additionally, a number of SME entrepreneurs lack collateral needed to secure bank loans. EIU (2010) add that many potential SME owners do not have the skills needed to describe their businesses to lending institutions. Additionally, their financial projections or accounting practices do not assist banks in assessing their growth abilities. As a result, most potential entrepreneurs loose out on local financial support. BOJ (2004) also believes that the banks are not faultless. Most of these institutions heavily depend on land as the only collateral. Consequently, when the price of land goes down, then the value of the collateral diminishes and they end up with non performing loans. EIU (2010) suggests that forging relationships with banks and SMEs is the solution to this problem. BOJ (2004) reiterates that that the key strategy for solving this problem is creating middle risk lenders that would meet the needs of middle risk institutions. These lenders would consider the probability of future cash flows, public guarantees or any other collateral that is more easily available than land. It is the intellectual property of the SME that should be considered rather than the fixed assets. EIU (2010) disagree with the above concerning the key reason behind reduced lending to new SMEs. They believe that it is the global economic crisis that has dried up credit in most institutions. UNESCAP (2011) also agrees with the latter author by stating that as credit became rationed, more lending institutions focused on established firms. Therefore, businesses that really needed funding, like new SMEs, lost t his financial support. Consequently, banks have become more risk averse. However, EIU (2010) concur with BOJ (2004) on the strict lending criteria in most banking institution, which peg on availability of fixed assets. EIU (2010) also suggests that banks can train their staff concerning SME programmes. This would provide them with a stricter basis for assessment of SME potential and hence their credit risk. UNESCAP (2011) believe that the government can ensure regulatory structures support SME financing. They can also work on improving scoring services in order to ascertain that the costs of financing SMEs are well understood. BOJ (2004) also echo these sentiments by stating that banking institutions need to have comprehensive and well-integrated scoring infrastructure in order to deal with the information asymmetry that exists in the current banking climate. UNESCAP (2011) also add that governments can support SME start-ups’ access to capital through the use agencies; for in stance, some can specialise in transaction registries. JSBRI (2012) states that the Japanese government has started working on such agencies; although, the effect of such initiatives is yet to be seen in the market. Since many new SMEs cannot count on traditional financial institutions for capital, many of them are looking to international investors for new opportunities. They are securing investment on the basis of their intellectual property. EIU (2010) explains that some businesses look to Korea, Taiwan and China for investment because their cultures welcome risks. The Japanese mindset revolves around mistake avoidance rather than growth and risks. UNESCAP (2011) believe that many SME start-ups depend on personal loans for financial support. They turn to their friends, family or colleagues to develop. Nonetheless, the above writers also state that this form of financing is not always present. When external economic constraints, like the global credit crunch, enter the picture, ev en informal avenues of finance can dry up. Overly, Japan has a capital access score of 7.07out of 10, and is ranked 15th out of 122 in terms of this parameter (UNESCAP 2011). While such numbers may seem impressive, they only reflect a general picture. The country has a relatively high level of access to capital but most of it does not go to small enterprises, especially those that are just starting up. The literature shows that, compared to large enterprises, SMEs find it relatively hard to get capital financing. Authors differ on the key reasons behind these observations. Some say that it is the risk-averse culture of the Japanese; others believe it is overreliance on fixed assets for collateral that is the main inhibitor. Some writers claim that external factors like the credit crunch are to blame. Alternatively, others believe it is poor information asymmetry that has caused the problem. Little research exists concerning informal access to capital for SMEs. Therefore, future scho lars should explore this area as it is a crucial source of finance for new SMEs in Japan. Key patterns, trends and developments in starting SMEs Uchikawa (2009) states that entrepreneurs’ incomes have been declining since the 1990s. Consequently, self employment is not as attractive as it used to be prior to those declines. Additionally, the young generation is also loosing interest in this business model because it has more confidence in the formal employment sector. As a result, many SMEs are operated by old entrepreneurs who lack successors. During the 80s and 90s, new SMEs were started by people in the 30s who had minimal education and no prospects for finding work. They turned to self employment because they had no alternative. One may, therefore, assert that the number of new SMEs is reducing in Japan. China is becoming the manufacturing capital of the world. Several multinationals have realised the cost efficiencies of operating in such a climate, including some manufa cturing firms in Japan. Therefore, small manufacturing enterprises that had set up their businesses around major organisations like Toyota are finding it hard to compete with component manufacturers in China. As a result, few new SMEs are developing in these sectors (EIU 2010). Japan has achieved a gender balance in terms of the kind of people who start new SMEs. From 2007, more women than men were responsible for the creation of new SMEs. In that year, females represented 5.2% of all small and new entrepreneurial activity while males only represented 3.5% (UNESCAP 2011). The demographic figures have been maintained to date. Ample presentation of the genders indicate that Japan has exerted a lot of effort in educating the masses about engagement of all demographic groups in business. JSBRI (2012) also back this assumption by reiterating the government’s support for female-centred SME ventures. Several financial and non financial programs exist for female entrepreneurs in the country. In the past, one was likely to encounter problems in acquiring new employees when starting a new SME venture in Japan. Many workers had a bias towards larger institutions. Nonetheless, EIU (2010) affirms that this pattern is changing dramatically. Most SME owners can easily access quality workers even during start ups. Some of the participants in the interviews conducting by the researchers in the article accredit this change to the financial crisis. Large companies were heavily hit by the recession, so a number of them had to let go of good employees. This made employees aware of the fact that large enterprises were not indestructible. On the flipside, some respondents believed that employees had no choice but to look for work in smaller organisations, even though they were just starting up. Some entrepreneurs claim that the recession led to a sharp increase in unemployed graduates who had to turn to SMEs for work (EIU, 2010) (UNESCAP 2011). The literature indicates that some inconsistencies exist concerning the rising availability of workers for SME start-ups. Consequently, more research should be done to establish the main drivers of this pattern. Doing so would clarify whether such a pattern is only short term or whether SME owners can count on it in the future. In close relation to the above trend is the leasing of workers, known as Shukko. New SMEs in need of high quality human resources can lease workers from large companies that have excess numbers but do not want to lay off their employees. New SMEs benefit by getting employees that they would not have a chance to access while large corporations benefit by holding on to their valued workers. They also get some monetary income on the side (EIU 2010). Growth opportunities JSBRI (2012) believes that many new SMEs should develop in traditional industries that have programmes and incentives designed to support them. Industries such as fisheries and the environment should be ceased as potential in dustries to initiate new SME ventures. Conversely, EIU (2010) says that the future for new SMEs lies in internationalisation. Domestic demand has stagnated for a while; therefore, new SMEs should look towards external markets. In order to achieve this, entrepreneurs should learn about overseas markets, the government should provide exporters with management resources needed to enact transactions. Furthermore, it is imperative to learn English, French or other foreign languages in order to facilitate communication between SMEs and their source markets. JSBRI (2012) illustrate that the government, through various channels, is already establishing programs that will help SMEs globalise. SMEs can also consider altering their managerial approach when conducting business, which may require a cultural reorientation. Several Japanese organisations give precedence to technical aspects of business but ignore other components that are crucial to success; such as, management and marketing. Comp anies ought to consider balancing technical work with other aspects. Scaling up would require less focus on craftsmanship and more on the business aspects (EIU 2010). Research gaps and inconsistencies Some inconsistencies and gaps were identified from the literature. For instance, little is known about how SMEs can be informed about the numerous government programs in place. Also researchers have not studied how new SMEs can revamp declining industries or how they can form new industry clusters. Few authors have studied whether government-led SME incentives are working. Inconsistencies on the reasons behind low capital access and high availability of employees should be clarified. More research is also needed on why new Japanese SMEs are not internationalising. It is likely that these inconsistencies stem from the nature of research employed as well as the time frame of the research. EIU (2010) conducted a series of interviews among a few key players in the Japanese SME sector. Some were entrepreneurs while others represented agencies that work with SMEs. They also relied on case studies. This explains why their responses were highly inconsistent. It would be more effective to carry out a survey, or at least increase the sample size. BOJ (2004) heavily relied on data collected from lending institutions, so their research findings were quite solid. JSBRI (2012) collected aggregate economic data, financial and demographic data on key SME traits. They used it to make projections on current patterns. It is likely that their short-term focus limited the applicability of their findings. METI (2010) carried out a comprehensive survey on SMEs, so their research methodology has minimal flaws. Conversely, UNESCAP (2011) and Uchikawa (2009) relied on secondary materials, which have their own imperfections. It would have been insightful if they did their primary research. References BOJ 2004, SME financing in Japan and the BOJ’s action plan. Web. EIU 2010, ‘S MEs in Japan: A new growth driver?’ The Economist, December, p. 1-15. JSBRI 2012, White paper on small and medium enterprises in Japan. Web. METI 2010, White paper on small and medium enterprises in Japan. Web. Uchikawa, S. 2009, SMEs under recession in Japan. Web. UNESCAP 2011, SMEs in Asia and the Pacific. Web. This report on Policies that support SME business start-ups was written and submitted by user Jul1us to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.